Ayurveda Initiative For Global Health

Miami Beach, Florida United States 8th February, 1996 Chapter 1 - The You That You Want To Change Day 46 - Virtues Virtues cannot be cultivated. You must assume that they are there. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna said to Arjuna, “Grieve not Arjuna, you are born with virtues. “The seeker should remember that he is born with virtues, otherwise he would not be a seeker. If you think you have no virtues and then try to cultivate them, you will fail.  When you think you do not have a virtue, then you come from a space of lack or deficiency. You compare yourself with others on the basis of virtues. Do not compare yourself with anyone. Simply recognise all the virtues you appreciate in others and realise that those virtues are present in you in seed form.  You only have to nurture them. Virtues must be practiced until they become your nature. Friendliness, compassion and meditation should continue as practices until you realize that they are your very nature. The flaw in doing somethi...

Bangalore Ashram, India 17th September, 1998 Chapter 1 - The You That You Want To Change Day 47 - Sensitivity Those who are sensitive are often feel weak. Those who think themselves strong are often insensitive. Some are sensitive to themselves but insensitive to others. Some are sensitive to others but not to themselves. Those who are sensitive only to themselves often blame others.  Those who are only sensitive to others often end up feeling self pity. Some conclude it is better not to be sensitive at all because sensitivity brings pain, so they shut themselves off from others. But if you are not sensitive, you will lose all the finer things too intuition, beauty, and ecstasy of love. This path and this knowledge make you both sensitive and strong. Often people who are insensitive do not recognize their insensitivity and those who are sensitive often do not recognise sensitivity is their strength.  Sensitivity is intuition, sensitivity is compassion, sensitivity is love. Sen...

Function of essential nutrients- Nitrogen- required by plants in greatest amount, it is absorbed by plants as NO2–, NO3– and NH4+ . It is one of the major constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins. Phosphorus- Absorbed by plants from soil in the form of phosphate ions. It is the constituent of cell membrane. All nucleic acids and nucleotides require phosphorus. Potassium – absorbed as potassium ions (K+). Help to maintain cation-anion balance in cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata. Calcium – absorbed by plants from soil in form of Calcium ions (Ca2+). Used in synthesis of cell wall. It activates certain enzymes. Magnesium- absorbed by plants in form of Mg2+ ions. It activates the enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, and involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of chlorophyll. Sulphur- plants obtain sulphur in form of sulphate (SO42-). Present in amino acids (cysteine, me...

What is the circulatory system? Your heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system. The main function of the circulatory system is to provide oxygen, nutrients and hormones to muscles, tissues and organs throughout your body. Another part of the circulatory system is to remove waste from cells and organs so your body can dispose of it. Your heart pumps blood to the body through a network of arteries and veins (blood vessels). Your circulatory system can also be defined as your cardiovascular system. Cardio means heart, and vascular refers to blood vessels. The circulatory system provides blood to all the body's tissues so they can function. What does the circulatory system do? The circulatory system’s function is to move blood throughout the body. This blood circulation keeps organs, muscles and tissues healthy and working to keep you alive. The ci...

Proteins Introduction ➖Proteins, which are basically biomolecules, play wide range of functions in the body of a living organism. ➖Proteins are made up of tiny elements of different types of amino acids. ➖A sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is known particularly by the sequence of a gene; gene is encoded in the genetic code. ➖After formation, proteins exist for a fixed period of time and are then degraded and recycled. ➖The proteins get recycled by the cell's machinery by the process of protein turnover. ➖Most of the proteins contain linear polymers made up of series of up to 20 different L-α-amino acids. ➖The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are connected by peptide bonds. ➖The peptide bond, usually, has two resonance forms, which contribute some double-bond characters. Protein Structure ➖Most of the proteins illustrate unique 3-dimensional structures. ➖However, proteins have not a rigid structure, but rather, proteins may vary between several related structures espec...

MUSCULAR SYSTEM:- • Muscle is a specialised tissue of mesodermal origin that has special properties like excitability, contractility,extensibility and elasticity.  Based on their location, three types of muscles are identified. Types of muscle:- Skeletal muscles:- These are closely associated with the skeletal components of the body. They have a striped appearance under the microscope and hence are called striated muscles. As their activities are under the voluntary control of the nervous system, they are known as voluntary muscles too. They are primarily involved in locomotory actions and changes of body postures. Visceral muscles:- These are located in the inner walls of hollow visceral organs of the body like the alimentary canal, reproductive tract, etc. They do not exhibit any striation and are smooth in appearance. Hence, they are called smooth muscles. They are not under the voluntary control of nervous system,hence are also called involuntary muscles. They assist, for examp...

Organ and their defects Organs are essential structures in the human body that perform specific functions necessary for survival and overall well-being. Each organ has a unique structure and function, and any defects or abnormalities in these organs can lead to various health conditions. One of the most well-known organs is the heart, as mentioned earlier. However, there are numerous other organs in the body, each with its own importance. Here are some examples: 1. Lungs: The lungs are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing. Oxygen is taken in from the air and transported to the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the body. Lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer can impair this vital function. 2. Liver: The liver is the largest internal organ and performs several critical functions. It detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile for digestion, stores vitamins and m...

The human body is composed of several organ systems, each with its own specific functions and roles. Here is a brief overview of each organ system: 1. Integumentary System: The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and various glands. It serves as a protective barrier against external factors, regulates body temperature, and helps in the synthesis of vitamin D. 2. Skeletal System: The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. It provides support, protection, and movement for the body. Additionally, it produces blood cells and stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. 3. Muscular System: The muscular system is responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements of the body. It consists of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles. 4. Nervous System: The nervous system controls and coordinates the activities of the body. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The nervous system receives and processes sensory...

Neurophysiology  - Neurophysiology is the study of the functioning and activities of the nervous system. - It focuses on understanding how nerve cells (neurons) communicate with each other and how the brain and spinal cord process and transmit information. - The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals, while glial cells provide support and protection to neurons. - Neurons communicate through electrical impulses called action potentials. These impulses travel along the neuron's axon, which is covered by a myelin sheath that speeds up the transmission. - Synapses are the junctions between neurons where chemical signals, known as neurotransmitters, are released to transmit information from one neuron to another. - Neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the receiving neuron, influencing whether it will generate an action potential or not. - The brain and sp...

Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.  It is a multidisciplinary field that combines elements of biology, psychology, and chemistry to understand how the nervous system functions. The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions. It receives information from the environment through sensory receptors and processes that information to produce appropriate responses. This can include actions such as movement, thoughts, emotions, and physiological changes. The nervous system is composed of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. These specialized cells transmit electrical signals, called action potentials, throughout the body to commun...

- The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials. - It consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils. - Lymphatic vessels are similar to blood vessels but carry a clear fluid called lymph instead of blood. - Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and contain immune cells that help fight infections. - The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and filters blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells and storing platelets. - The thymus is located in the chest and plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of T-cells, which are important for immune response. - Tonsils are small masses of lymphoid tissue located in the back of the throat that help trap and filter bacteria and other pathogens. - The lymphatic system works in close coordination with the circulatory system to maintain fluid balance and defend against infections. - Lymph is formed f...

Bacteriology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of bacteria.  Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body. They are incredibly diverse and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on living organisms. The field of bacteriology encompasses several areas of study, including the classification and identification of bacteria, their growth and reproduction, their interactions with other organisms, and their role in causing diseases. Bacteriologists use various techniques and tools to study bacteria, such as microscopy, culturing methods, and genetic analysis. One of the key areas of interest in bacteriology is the role of bacteria in causing infectious diseases. Bacteria can invade the human body and cause a wide range of illnesses, from minor infections to life-threatening conditions. Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria cause diseases is crucial for developing effective ...

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies,  are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses. They are Y-shaped molecules that have two functional regions: the variable region, which recognizes and binds to specific antigens on pathogens, and the constant region, which mediates various immune responses. There are five main types of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Each type has a distinct structure and function in the immune response.  Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant type in the body and provides long-term immunity against pathogens. It can neutralize toxins produced by bacteria and viruses, enhance phagocytosis (the engulfing and destruction of pathogens by immune cells), and activate complement proteins to destroy pathogens. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody produced during an initial immune response. It is effective at neutralizing pathogens and activating other comp...

Skin is the largest organ in the human body   and plays a vital role in protecting us from external threats. It acts as a barrier, shielding our internal organs from harmful substances, UV radiation, and pathogens. Moreover, skin also helps in regulating body temperature, maintaining hydration, and providing sensory information. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and primarily functions as a protective shield. It consists of several layers of cells, including keratinocytes, which produce a tough protein called keratin that gives the skin its strength and flexibility. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color and protection against UV radiation. Beneath the epidermis lies the dermis, which is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings. The dermis provides structural support to the skin and houses...

Mycology is the branch of biology that focuses on the study of fungi.  Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They can be found in various habitats, such as soil, water, and even inside living organisms. Mycologists study various aspects of fungi, including their classification, identification, and ecology. They investigate the structure and function of fungal cells, their reproductive strategies, and their interactions with other organisms in their environment. Mycology also involves the study of fungal diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi play important roles in ecosystems. They are decomposers, breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the environment. Fungi also form mutualistic relationships with other organisms, such as mycorrhizal associations with plant roots, where they provide nutrients to the plants in exchange for carbohydrates. In addition to their ecological significance, fungi have numerous pra...

Virology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of viruses.  Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of living organisms. They are much smaller than bacteria and can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. The field of virology encompasses several areas of study, including the classification and identification of viruses, their structure and replication mechanisms, their interactions with host cells, and their role in causing diseases. Virologists use various techniques and tools to study viruses, such as electron microscopy, molecular biology techniques, and cell culture systems. One of the key areas of interest in virology is the understanding of viral pathogenesis. Viruses can enter host cells, hijack their machinery, and replicate, leading to the destruction of the infected cells and the spread of the virus throughout the body. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases ...

The ear is a complex sensory organ that plays a vital role in our ability to hear and maintain balance.  It is divided into three main parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the visible part called the pinna or auricle, which helps collect sound waves and direct them into the ear canal. The ear canal is a narrow passage that leads to the eardrum, also known as the tympanic membrane. The middle ear is located behind the eardrum and contains three small bones called ossicles: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). These bones transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the Eustachian tube, which helps equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the environment. The inner ear is a complex structure located deep within the skull. It consists of the cochlea, responsible for hearing, and the vestibular system, responsible for balance. The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure filled ...

Ophthalmology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders related to the eyes.  It involves the study of the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and their surrounding structures. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialize in ophthalmology. They are trained to provide comprehensive eye care, including conducting eye examinations, diagnosing and managing eye diseases, prescribing medications, performing surgeries, and providing vision correction treatments. The field of ophthalmology covers a wide range of conditions, including refractive errors (such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism), cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal diseases, eye infections, and many others. Ophthalmologists also play a crucial role in detecting and managing systemic diseases that can affect the eyes, such as diabetes and hypertension. Ophthalmology utilizes various diagnostic techniques an...

Nutrition is the science that studies the relationship between food and the human body,  including how nutrients are digested, absorbed, and utilized by the body for growth, development, and maintenance of health. It involves the study of the composition of food, the various nutrients required by the body, and the physiological processes involved in their metabolism. The goal of nutrition is to ensure that individuals consume a balanced and healthy diet that provides them with all the necessary nutrients to maintain optimal health and prevent chronic diseases. The functions of nutrition include: 1. Providing energy: The body requires energy to carry out various activities, and food provides the necessary fuel for these activities. 2. Supporting growth and development: Nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals are essential for the growth and development of the body. 3. Maintaining health: A balanced diet that includes all the necessary nutrients helps to maintain optimal h...

Kidney disease, also known as renal disease,  is a condition that affects the kidneys' ability to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. The kidneys are vital organs that perform several essential functions in the body, including regulating blood pressure, producing hormones that stimulate the production of red blood cells, and maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body. There are two types of kidney disease: acute and chronic. Acute kidney disease occurs suddenly and is often caused by a sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys, dehydration, or medication toxicity. It can be reversible with prompt treatment, but if left untreated, it can lead to permanent kidney damage. Chronic kidney disease develops over time and is usually caused by underlying health conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or autoimmune disorders. It progresses slowly and can lead to irreversible kidney damage, eventually resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which req...

Wound healing is the process by which the body repairs and restores damaged tissue after an injury.  It involves a complex series of events that take place over several stages, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. During the inflammation stage, white blood cells and platelets rush to the site of injury to fight infection and stop bleeding. In the proliferation stage, new tissue is formed to replace the damaged tissue. Finally, in the remodeling stage, the new tissue is strengthened and reorganized, resulting in scar tissue formation. Proper wound care is essential for promoting healing and preventing complications such as infection. Medical interventions may also be necessary in some cases to promote wound healing. Chronic wounds may require specialized treatment due to underlying health conditions that prevent proper healing. 1. Inflammation: The first stage of wound healing is inflammation, which occurs immediately after the injury. It is characterized by rednes...

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body,  consisting of billions of neurons and trillions of synapses. It is responsible for controlling all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, perception, cognition, and emotion. The brain can be divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The cerebrum is responsible for most of our conscious thoughts and actions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Other important structures in the brain include the hippocampus, which is responsible for forming new memories, and the amygdala, which plays a role in emotional processing and fear response. Overall, the brain is a highly complex and interconnected organ that is essential for all aspects of human life. The brain can be classified into three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. Other important structures i...

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Sexual Reproduction The sexual mode of reproduction comprises the process of combining DNA from two different individuals. There are two germ-cells (responsible for producing a new organism); one is large and contains the food-stores whereas the other one is smaller and likely to be motile. The motile germ-cell, normally, is known as the ‘male gamete’ and the germ-cell containing the stored food is known as the ‘female gamete.’ Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants As shown in the image given below, flowers have different parts, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Among these, stamens and carpels are the reproductive parts and contain the germ-cells. Stamen is the male reproductive part, which produces pollen grains (yellowish substance). Carpel, which is present in the center of a flower, is the female reproductive part. Carpel is made of three parts. The bottom part, which is swollen, is the ovary; the middle part, which is elongated, is known as the style; and the termin...

Antiseptics and antibiotics are used to control bacteria through chemical methods. Antiseptics are bacteriostatic agents (not necessarily killing them) while Antibiotics can also have bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal properties. Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics as their natural product. These chemicals, on the other hand, could be synthetic versions of their natural equivalents. The filter paper disc method is a simple and effective way to compare antiseptics and antibiotics based on their ability to stop bacteria from growing.  The picture depicts the relative effectiveness of an antiseptic agent (Iodine) and one antibiotic (ampicillin) against two organisms: S. epidermidis and E. coli. (Distilled water had been used as control).  The millimetre scale clearly shows the zone of inhibition from the edge of the disk to the edge of the growth.